Abstract
Despite of advances in cardiac and surgical care, some children with complex congenital heart disease remain cyanotic in adulthood. The grown-up cyanotic congenital heart diseases are heterogeneous due to their underlying cardiac anatomy and physiology. Other than cardiovascular problems, they patients are also faced with multi-system complications in the long run. Therefore, these patients need nuanced and comprehensive assessment, regular follow-up monitoring, and multi-facet management. In this article, the types and classification of cyanotic congenital heart diseases, the multi-system complications and the approach to assessment and treatment will be presented.
Recommended Citation
Pak-Cheong Chow, Approach to Management of Grown-up Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Journal of the Hong Kong College of Cardiology 2026;33(1):17-33 https://doi.org/10.55503/2790-6744.1572
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